Passive Voice

02.10 | Posted by Little Wings


Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.
Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.
Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.
Example: he says – it is said
Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

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Conditional Sentences ( If-Clauses Type I, II and III )

02.06 | Posted by Little Wings


Conditional Sentences  ( If-Clauses Type I, II and III )
Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

Conditional Sentence Type 1
It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future
Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 2
It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 3
It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

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TOEFL (Perbaikan)

01.30 | Posted by Little Wings


2. Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the student lost the opportunity to lease the apartement.
Revise : Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the student lost the opportunity to lease the apartement

3. These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter.
Revise: These televisions are all too expensive for us to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter.

4. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.
 Revise : After she had bought herself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.

5. The next important question we have to decide is when do we have to submit the proposal.
Revise : The next important question we have to decide is when we have to submit the proposal

6. George has not completed the assignment yet, and Mario hasn’t neither.
Revise : George has not completed the assignment yet, and Mario has neither.

7. Jhon decide to buy in the morning a new car, but in the afternoon he changed his mind.
Revise : Jhon decide to buy a new car in the morning a new car but in the afternoon he changed his mind.

8. Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs much more sunlight than the others ones.
Revise : Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs
much more sunlight than the others one.

9. After George had returned to his house, he was reading a book.
Revise : After George returned to his house, he read a book.

10. Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but not one has been as widely eccepted as this one.
Revise : Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but no one have been as widely eccepted as this one.

11. The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.
Revise : The food that Mark’s cooking in the kitchen is smells delicious.

12. After Jhon eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.
Revise : After Jhon had dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.

13. The manager has finished working on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal.
Revise : The manager has finish on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal.

14. Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work theirselves, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan.
Revise : Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work themselves, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan.

15. Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not be able to attend the concert.
Revise : Daniel said that if he had to do anymore homework tonight, he would not to attend the concert.

16. After to take the medication, the patient became drowsy and more manageable.
Revise : After taking the medication, the patient become drowsy and more manageable.

17. We insist on you leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place.
Revise : We insist on your are leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place

18. It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, isn’t it?
Revise : It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, hasn’t it?

19. Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon does so. Revise : Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon does too.

20. Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of congress during her vacation.
Revise : Rita enjoyed being able to meet several members of congress during her vacation

21. After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided find another attorney.
Revise : After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided to find another attorney.

22. Harry’s advisor persuaded his taking several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.
Revise : Harry’s advisor persuaded him to take several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.

23. The only teacher who were required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and me.
Revise : The only teacher who required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and I .

24. The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them any longer.
Revise : The work performed by these officers is  not worth our paying them.

25. The president went fishing after he has finished with the conferences.
Revise : The president went fishing after he had finished with the conferences.

26. Peter and Tom plays tennis every afternoon with Mary and me.
Revise : Peter and Tom play tennis every afternoon with Mary and me.

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TOEFL

00.54 | Posted by Little Wings

2. Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the student lost the opportunity to lease the apartement.
Revise : Because they had spent many time considering the new contract, the student lost the opportunity to lease the apartement

3. These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter. 
Revise: These televisions are all too expensive for us to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter.

4. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.
Revise : After she had bought herself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.

5. The next important question we have to decide is when do we have to submit the proposal.
Revise : The next important question we have to decide is when we have to submit the proposal

6. George has not completed the assignment yet, and Mario hasn’t neither.
Revise : George has not completed the assignment yet, and Mario hasn’t too.

7. Jhon decide to buy in the morning a new car, but in the afternoon he changed his mind.
Revise : Jhon decide to buy a new car in the morning, but in the afternoon he changed his mind.

8. Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs much more sunlight than the others ones. 
Revise : Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs
much more sunlight than the others one.

9. After George had returned to his house, he was reading a book.
Revise : After George returned to his house, he was reading a book.

10. Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but not one has been as widely eccepted as this one.
Revise : Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but no one has been as widely eccepted as this one.

11. The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.
Revise : The food that Mark’s cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.

12. After Jhon eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.
Revise : After Jhon dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.

13. The manager has finished working on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal. 
Revise : The manager has finished on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal.

14. Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work theirselves, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan.
Revise : Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work them, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan.

15. Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not be able to attend the concert.
Revise : Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not to attend the concert.

16. After to take the medication, the patient became drowsy and more manageable.
Revise : After to take the medication, the patient become drowsy and more manageable.

17. We insist on you leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place. 
Revise : We insist on you are leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place

18. It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, isn’t it?
Revise : It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, hasn’t it?

19. Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon does so. 
Revise : Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon too.

20. Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of congress during her vacation. 
Revise : Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of congress during her vacation

21. After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided find another attorney. 
Revise : After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided found another attorney.

22. Harry’s advisor persuaded his taking several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.
Revise : Harry’s advisor persuaded him to take several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.

23. The only teacher who were required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and me. 
Revise : The only teacher who required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and me.

24. The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them any longer. 
Revise : The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them.

25. The president went fishing after he has finished with the conferences. 
Revise : The president went fishing after he had finished with the conferences.

26. Peter and Tom plays tennis every afternoon with Mary and me. 
Revise : Peter and Tom playing tennis every afternoon with Mary and me.

27. There were a time that I used to swim five laps every day, but now I do not have enough time. 
Revise : There was a time that I used to swim five laps every day, but now I do not have enough time.

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Noun, Adjective And Adverb

03.37 | Posted by Little Wings


A clause is a group of related words which has both a subject and a predicate. A clause is different from a phrase because a phrase is a group of related words which lacks either a subject or a predicate or both.

Adjective Clauses

Adjective clauses modify nouns or pronouns. An adjective clause nearly always appears immediately following the noun or pronoun.
To test for adjective clauses there are a couple of questions that you can ask. Which one? What kind? Most adjective clauses begin with "who," "whom," "which," or "that." Sometimes the word may be understood. The words "that" or "who," for example, might not specifically be in the sentence, but they could be implied. To determine the subject of a clause ask "who?" or "what?" and then insert the verb.
Example:
  • The book that is on the floor should be returned to the library.
Occasionally, an adjective clause is introduced by a relative adverb, usually "when," "where," or "why."
Example:
  • Home is the place where you relax.

Adverb Clauses

Adverb clauses usually modify verbs, in which case they may appear anywhere in a sentence. They tell why, where, under what conditions, or to what degree the action occurred or situation existed. Unlike adjective clauses, they are frequently movable within the sentence.
Example:
  • When the timer rings, we know the cake is done. OR
  • We know the cake is done when the timer rings.
Adverb clauses always begin with a subordinating conjunction. Subordinating conjunctions introduce clauses and express their relation to the rest of the sentence.

Noun Clauses

Noun clauses are not modifiers, so they are not subordinators like adjectives and adverbs, and they cannot stand alone. They must function within another sentence pattern, always as nouns. A noun clause functions as a subject, subject complement, direct object, or object of a preposition.
A noun clause usually begins with a relative pronoun like "that," "which," "who," "whoever," "whomever," "whose," "what," and "whatsoever." It can also begin with the subordinating conjunctions "how," "when," "where," "whether," and "why."
Example:
  • Whoever wins the game will play in the tournament.

Sumber :

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GRAMMER

09.51 | Posted by Little Wings


1.    GERUND
Gerund adalah kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja ditambah –ing, misalnya swimming, eating, fishing, shopping, dancing, dan singing. Bila diperhatikan, gerund mempunyai bentuk yang sama dengan present participle, bedanya gerund berfungsi sebagai kata benda, sedangkan present participle sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda.
Contoh:
Gerund Verb –ing dalam gerund diposisikan sebagai kata benda dalam sebuah kalimat.
-          Playing foot ball is my favorite game
-          Your singing is very beautiful.

2.    INFINITIVE
Infinitif adalah bentuk dasar kata kerja. Ini mungkin didahului dengan 'menjadi' (untuk-infinitive) atau berdiri sendiri (dasar atau nol infinitif).
to-infinitive digunakan:
    -  setelah verba tertentu. misalnya want, wish, aggre, faild, mean, deide, learn
    -  setelah auxelery menjadi to, have to, dan ought to
contoh kalimat menggunakan  'to' :
-          The elephant decided to marry the mouse
-          The mouse agreed to marry the elephant
-          You will have to ask her
-           
3.    MODAL
Modal auxiliaries mempunyai banyak fungsi yang berbeda – beda. Modal auxilaries yang diguanakan dalam kajian kali ini antara lain; can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, dan would.
Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam penggunaan modal auxiliary:
1.      Dalam sebuah kalimat tidak boleh ada dua buah modal auxiliary. Kalau Anda dihadapkan dengan 2 buah modals (Dalam bahasa Indonesia, misalnya, "saya harus bisa ..." maka modals yang kedua, harus diubah ke bentuk lain yang mempunyai arti yang sama.
2.      Kata Kerja sesudah modal auxiliary harus bentuk pertama.
3.      Modal akan selalu sama bentuknya dan tidak berubah apapun subjeknya. Misalnya can yang bisa digunakan untuk semua subjek dan tidak berubah apapun subjeknya.
Sekarang perhatikan penjelasan beberapa modal auxiliary di bawah ini:


3.1.       CAN
Dipakai untuk menyatakan kesanggupan atau kemahiran seseorang, minta izin, dan kemungkinan, contoh:
-            She can speak English.
-            Can I visit your sister?
-            He can be sick. (mungkin dia sakit).

3.2.       COULD
Dipakai untuk menyatakan bentuk lampau dari Can, permintaan dengan sopan, dan Kemungkinan, contoh:
-          Mary could swim when she was young. (Permintaan dengan sopan).
-          Could you help me now?
-          He could be the 1st winner.

3.3.       SHALL
Digunakan untuk menyatakan artinya "akan" dalam bentuk Future Tense, menawarkan bantuan, dan Janji, contoh:
-          We shall go to Jakarta next week.
-          Shall I help you?
-          I shall meet you tomorrow.

3.4.       SHOULD
Digunakan untuk menyatakan bentuk lampau dari shall, anjuran (Artinya "sebaiknya"), dan Keharusan, contoh:
-          When you borrow my book, you should read it.
-          You are sick; you should go to the hospital soon.
-          You should (ought to) do your homework every day.

3.5.       WILL
Digunakan untuk menyatakan artinya "akan" dalam bentuk Future Simple Tense dan permintaan dengan sopan atau menawarkan, contoh:
-          I will buy a new car next week.
-          Will you go swimming with me?

3.6.       WOULD
Digunakan untuk menyatakan bentuk lampau dari Will yang berarti "akan", suatu permohonan/permintaan dengan sopan, jika digabung dengan kata LIKE menunjukkan hasrat atau keinginan, dan Digabung dengan kata "rather" menunjukkan arti Lebih suka (prefer), contoh:
-          She knows that it would be pleasant in Jambi.
-          Would you help me, please?
-          Would you like to have lunch in the restaurant?
-          I would rather be a doctor than a president.

3.7.       MAY
Digunakan untuk menyatakan permohonan izin dan permohonan atau harapan, contoh:
-          May I drink now? No, you may not. (Bolehkah aku pulang sekarang?).
-          May God bless you.

3.8.       MIGHT
Digunakan untuk menyatakan bentuk lampau (past tense) dari MAY, namun pemakaiannya juga dapat untuk masa kini atau masa yang akan  datang, contoh:
-          I told him that he might go home. (Saya beritahukan kepadanya bahwa ia boleh pulang).

3.9.       MUST
Digunakan untuk menyatakan keharusan/mesti, dalam kalimat menyangkal (negatif) dan membuat jawaban dari kalimat tanya, selalu digunakan NEED NOT atau Needn't bukan musn't (must not), must not (musn't) menunjukkan (berarti) larangan atau tidak boleh, dan Must = Have to (she/he has to) berarti harus, contoh:
-          You must go now.
-          Must I go now? Yes, you must./ yes, you need.
-          You must not play in the class. (Anda dilarang bermain  di dalam kelas).
-          She must (has to) study today. (Dia harus belajar  hari ini).

3.10.   NEED
Digunakan untuk menyatakan digunakan untuk menyatakan dan sebagai kata kerja biasa yang berarti "perlu" dan mengalami perubahan bentuk, contoh:
-          I needn't go now. (Negatif). bukan: I mustn't go now, karena kalimat ini berarti.: (Saya dilarang pergi sekarang).
-          Do we need any milk?

3.11.   DARE
Digunakan untuk menyatakan kata kerja bantu dan kata kerja biasa, contoh:
-          Dare he swim alone?
-          Does he dare to come here again?

Sumber :

http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/infinitive.php

http://belajarbahasainggrisonlinegratis.blogspot.com/2012/05/penggunaan-modal-auxililary.html

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PRONOUNS (KATA GANTI)

02.54 | Posted by Little Wings

Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan noun (kata benda) yang dapat berupa orang, benda, hewan, tempat, dan konsep abstrak.

1.  Personal Pronouns adalah kata ganti orang.
Yang berperan sebagai Subject adalah : I, You, We, They, He, She, It
Contoh penggunaanya dalam kalimat :
I am a musician
You are very kind
We are happy
They come from Japan
He is my friend
She likes flowers
It is poison

Kata ganti orang yang berlaku sebagai Object yaitu : Me, You, Us, Them, Him, Her, It
Contoh-contoh penggunaanya dalam kalimat :

Please help me
This is for you
John wants to join us
Please tell them
Jack loves him
Tom is looking at her
Lina doesn’t like it

2.  Demonstrative Pronouns adalah kata ganti petunjuk
Adalah : This, That, These, Those

Contoh penggunaanya dalam kalimat :
This is a spoon
That is a fork
These are chairs
Those are tables

3.  Possessive Pronoun adalah Kata Ganti Milik
Adalah : Mine, yours, theirs, ours, his, hers

Contoh penggunaanya dalam kalimat :
This netbook is mine.
That car is yours.
These calculators are ours.
Those fans are theirs
The cat is his
Shinta has a watch. It is hers
A cat has a tail. The tail is its

4.  Relative Pronouns adalah kata yang menggantikan kata yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya.

            Kata-kata yang dipakai adalah :
            a. Menggantikan subjek.

             Who (orang)
             Which, that (benda, binatang)

           b. Menggantikan Objek

            whom (orang)
            which, that (benda, binatang)

          c. Menggantikan kepunyaan

           whose (orang)
           of which (benda, binatang)

Catatan: Semua kata-kata di atas (who, whom, whose, which, that, dan of which) dalam bahasa Indonesia artinya ‘Yang”.

           Contoh:
* The man who cuts my hair is my uncle (Laki-laki yang memangkas rambut saya adalah paman saya).
            * I am waiting for the man whom you are talking about.
            * She borrows the novel of which cover is purple.
* Pembahasan lebih lanjut mengenai topic ini akan dibahas pada topic Adjective Clause.

5. Interrogative Pronouns Yaitu kata Tanya yang digunakan untuk mengawali suatu pertanyaan.
       Kata yang dipakai adalah who, what, whom, dan which.

            * Who are you?
            * What is the color of your house? (what = Pronouns)
            * What color is your house? (what = Adjectives)
            * Which is your pen? (which = Pronouns)
            * Which pen is yours? (which = Adjectives)

            6. Indefinite Pronouns (Kata Ganti Tak Tentu)

Kata-kata yang sering dipakai adalah: another, anybody, something, everyone, much, neither, one, none, dll.

* All work is not dull, some is pleasant.
            * Most of the cars are new.
            * Nobody is at home.

7. Reflexive Pronouns Yaitu kata ganti yang merupakan pantulan dari kata ganti (Pronouns) itu sendiri.

            Perhatikan bentuk kata ganti jenis ini:

            I = myself
           You = yourself (kamu)
           You = yourselves (kalian)
           We = ourselves
           They = themselves 
           He = himself
           She = herself
           It = itself
  
           Contoh:

           * I cut myself with a knife (saya kena pisau)
           * They love themselves.
           * I help myself this morning.

8. Intensive Pronouns Yaitu kata ganti yang juga merupakan pantulan dari kata ganti itu sendiri. Namun, letaknya sesudah nouns/pronouns itu sendiri. Kata ganti jenis ini berfungsi untuk lebih menekankan / menegaskan maksud pembicaraan.

            Contoh:

* Henry himself who told me so. (Henry sendirilah yang mengatakan begitu kepadaku)
* Mary herself repaired the computer. (Mary sendirilah – bukan orang lain – yang memperbaiki computer itu)
            * Jack himself gave me the book.

           Catatan:

Berhati-hatilah dengan penggunaan kata gantu jenis ini. Perhatikan 3 contoh kalimat di bawah ini dan perhatikan perbedaannya.

* Alex does the test himself. (= Alex mengerjakan test itu sendiri – tanpa bantuan orang lain)
* Ted himself does the test. (=Ted sendirilah – bukan orang lain – yang mengerjakan test itu)
* Bob does the test by himself. (= Bob mengerjakan test itu sendirian – tidak ada orang lain bersama dia)

9. Reciprocal Pronouns Yaitu kata ganti yang menyatakan hubungan timbale balik antara 2 atau lebih.

               Frase yang digunakan adalah:

*               Each other = satu sama lain (2 orang)
              * One another = satu sama lain ( lebih dari 2 orang)

                  Contoh:

 * Henry and Elizabeth loves each other. (Henry & Elizabeth saling mencintai/ Henry & Elizabeth mencintai satu sama lainnya)    
             * All children love one another.

              sumber : http://ismailmidi.com

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